Professional Japanese Interpretation Services

Japanese Interpreter Osaka | Professional Interpretation & Translation Services

Report on a Comprehensive Analysis of Capital Requirements for Launching a Professional Japanese Simultaneous Interpretation Service Business

IMPORTANT UPDATE – March 2026

The Business Manager Visa capital requirement changed significantly on October 16, 2025.

Previous minimum: ¥5 million (as referenced in this article’s original analysis)
Current minimum (effective 2026): ¥30 million paid-in capital for corporations

All other cost estimates, business models, equipment pricing, and market insights in this report remain current and realistic IMPORTANT UPDATE – March 2026 This article was originally written with pre-2025 visa rules. As of October 16, 2025, Japan significantly tightened the Business Manager Visa requirements: • Minimum paid-in capital increased to ¥30 million for corporations • Mandatory employment of at least 1 full-time staff (Japanese national, permanent resident, or qualifying long-term status) • Additional criteria: 3+ years management experience or master’s degree (or equivalent), proof of Japanese language ability (often N2 level or equivalent), certified business plan review by CPA/tax accountant/qualified consultant, physical office required

The ¥5 million figure below is now outdated for visa purposes. The Startup Visa remains a lower-capital option in many municipalities (6–24 months preparation), but it transitions to Business Manager Visa (¥30M required at that stage). Always consult immigration authorities or a qualified specialist for your situation.

Last updated: March 2026or 2026. For the latest visa guidance, consult immigration authorities or a qualified specialist. We offer free 15-min consultations to discuss startup plans and interpretation support during your business launch.

Executive Summary This report provides a detailed analysis of the capital required to launch a professional Japanese simultaneous interpretation service and related equipment rental business, based on three service models: Basic, Standard, and High-End. The findings indicate that, beyond meeting mere legal requirements, a strategic initial investment is crucial for ensuring the long-term viability of the business. Notably, a de facto minimum capital of 5 million yen is necessary for foreign entrepreneurs to obtain a Business Manager Visa, and this capital also serves as the initial operating funds for the business [1].

Analyzed by business model, the Basic model can minimize startup costs by focusing primarily on AI-powered remote services. The Standard model can build a stable revenue base by combining equipment rental for mid-sized events with the provision of experienced human interpreters. The most capital-intensive High-End model establishes a brand reputation for exceptional quality and value by purchasing state-of-the-art equipment and employing a top-tier team of interpreters. This model requires the largest initial investment but also has the potential to achieve the highest per-unit price and profitability. Industry trends show that while the rise of AI is creating new market segments, the role of human interpreters remains indispensable for critical events [2]. Success hinges on a hybrid business strategy that efficiently manages physical equipment and leverages technology, including remote solutions.

1. Market and Industry Overview: The Current State of the Japanese Simultaneous Interpretation Industry

1.1 Global and Regional Market Trends

The global multilingual interpretation market was valued at $20.47 billion in 2025 and is projected to grow at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 5.9% from 2025 to 2032, reaching $30.58 billion by 2032 [3]. This robust expansion is driven by business globalization, increased international trade, and the growing movement of people across borders [3]. The simultaneous interpretation service software market, in particular, is experiencing even more remarkable growth, with a projected market size of $8.5 billion by 2025 and an anticipated CAGR of 18.5% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2033 [4]. This strongly suggests that the market is rapidly shifting toward technology-driven solutions.

Regionally, North America is expected to lead the market due to its concentration of multinational corporations, strong technological infrastructure, and a high willingness to adopt innovative software solutions [4]. However, the Asia-Pacific region, led by China and India, is projected to be the fastest-growing market, with a CAGR exceeding 21% [3]. This rapid growth is a result of the region’s economic development and a surge in international business activities [3]. The Japanese simultaneous interpretation market, as part of this Asia-Pacific region, is undergoing its own development while being closely linked to these global trends.

1.2 The Japanese Competitive Landscape

The Japanese simultaneous interpretation market is a mature yet vibrant one, dominated by established companies with long histories. Simul International, Inc. is recognized as an industry pioneer with over 60 years of experience and a roster of more than 2,100 registered interpreters [5]. Similarly, Simulingual is a certified service provider for all Japanese government ministries and agencies, offering services across a wide range of fields [6]. These major players do more than simply provide interpreters; their business models are centered on a comprehensive “total coordination system” that includes managing international conferences, acting as a secretariat, and renting out simultaneous interpretation equipment [5, 6]. This end-to-end support system is a key characteristic of the Japanese industry and sets the standard for the added value that clients expect.

1.3 Deeper Insights and Causal Relationships

Despite the presence of well-established companies like Simul and Simulingual, the Japanese market is not saturated; in fact, it’s poised for accelerated growth at a pace that surpasses the global average. While the global market’s CAGR is 5.9% [3], the Asia-Pacific region’s projected growth of over 21% [3] indicates substantial latent demand in the Japanese market. From this, we can conclude that there is a significant market entry opportunity for new, agile businesses that can capture a share of this rapid growth. The fact that the software sector is expected to see the most explosive growth [4] highlights the importance for a new business to be technologically savvy and to focus on a hybrid, tech-integrated model that traditional companies may struggle to adopt.

Furthermore, the Japanese market expects more than just interpreter dispatch; it seeks a full, managed solution that includes everything from equipment to logistics. The business models of Simul and Simulingual are centered on this “total coordination system” [5, 6], with customers expecting to arrange interpreters, equipment, and logistics through a single point of contact. A new business that only provides interpreters would struggle to meet these market expectations and compete with the value propositions offered by major companies. This supports the notion that this business’s concept of providing a “full package plan” is highly logical for the Japanese market.

2. Capital and Operational Costs: Launching a Business in Japan

2.1 Initial Startup Capital and Legal Requirements

Under Japanese company law, it is possible to establish a company with as little as 1 yen in capital [7]. However, a de facto requirement for a foreign entrepreneur to obtain a Business Manager Visa is a minimum capital investment of 5 million yen and the establishment of a physical office in Japan [1]. According to a survey by the Japan Finance Corporation, the average startup cost for a new business is approximately 9.85 million yen, with a median of about 5.8 million yen [8], which aligns with the practical cost of launching a business in Japan.

The costs associated with company incorporation for a joint-stock corporation (Kabushiki Kaisha) typically range from 200,000 to 250,000 yen, including notary public fees for articles of incorporation (approx. 50,000 yen), revenue stamps (40,000 yen, which can be exempted with electronic incorporation), and registration license tax at the Legal Affairs Bureau (150,000 yen) [1, 9, 10]. Additionally, hiring a professional legal firm to handle the incorporation process can add an extra service fee of 100,000 to 200,000 yen [1].

2.2 Essential Ongoing Operating Expenses

The acquisition of a Business Manager Visa requires the existence of a physical business office [1]. The monthly rent for a small private office in a major city like Tokyo or Osaka generally ranges from 50,000 to 150,000 yen [1]. It is also crucial to secure at least three to six months’ worth of operating funds to cover daily expenses such as rent, utilities, communication costs, and personnel costs until the business becomes profitable [8].

Other key expenses include accounting and tax services. Small to medium-sized businesses with annual revenues under 10 million yen should budget for at least 250,000 yen per year for these services [1]. While the interpreting profession generally does not require complex permits [11], one should account for potential registration fees depending on the business structure.

2.3 Deeper Insights and Causal Relationships

The initial capital requirement is not just a legal obligation; it is a critical factor for ensuring a strategic business foundation and operational sustainability. The 1 yen minimum capital stipulated by company law [7] is legally permissible but practically insufficient for operating a business. The fact that foreign entrepreneurs must invest 5 million yen to obtain the necessary visa [1] demonstrates that this amount is the effective minimum threshold for covering initial costs and working capital. This investment is crucial for covering operational expenses like rent, utilities, and salaries for the first few months. Thus, the visa requirement is not only a legal necessity but a key factor in shaping the business’s financial foundation.

The office location strategy is also a vital component of the financial model. Since travel time and transportation costs for interpreters and technicians are additional expenses [12, 13], locating the office in a central hub like Tokyo or Osaka, despite higher rent, offers a trade-off by reducing these travel costs and enabling a rapid response to clients. Therefore, a comprehensive cost analysis that considers the geographical relationship with the customer base, rather than just seeking a cheap office, is essential for the business plan.

Table 1: Estimated Initial Startup Capital and Operating Expenses for the First 3 Months (in JPY)

3. The Human Element: Interpreters and Technicians

3.1 Interpreter Fee Structure in Japan

Interpreter fees in Japan are strictly tiered based on expertise and experience, with little difference in rates between major languages like Japanese, English, European, and Asian languages [14].

• High-End (Class S/A): Assigned to highly specialized fields such as medicine, IT, law, and finance, as well as critical conferences [12, 15]. The daily rate is typically around 110,000 to 130,000 yen per person [12, 15].
• Standard (Class B): Used for general business meetings, negotiations, and internal company meetings [12, 15]. The daily rate is approximately 85,000 yen per person [14, 15].
• Basic (Class C/G): Suitable for non-specialized tasks like VIP escort or tours [12, 15]. The daily rate is around 50,000 to 55,000 yen per person [14, 15].

For simultaneous interpretation, a minimum of two interpreters is required for sessions under three hours, and three to four interpreters for longer events [14, 15]. This requirement effectively doubles or more the personnel costs related to interpretation.

3.2 Associated Costs and Technician Fees

In addition to the base fee, events spanning multiple days with travel require accounting for associated costs. This includes a daily allowance of 5,000 to 25,000 yen paid to interpreters to cover their accommodation and other expenses [13]. For events requiring long-distance travel, interpreters may also charge a half-day’s interpretation fee for their travel time [12, 13].

A professional setup also requires the presence of a technician to install, operate, and troubleshoot the equipment [16]. Their daily rates typically range from 35,000 to 50,000 yen [16, 17], and their expertise is crucial for ensuring complex equipment functions correctly throughout the event [18].

3.3 Deeper Insights and Causal Relationships

The business’s revenue model is more heavily influenced by the number of interpreters and their rank than by any other single factor. With daily interpreter fees potentially reaching up to 130,000 yen per person [15] and a minimum requirement of two interpreters for simultaneous interpretation [14], the personnel cost for a single-day event can be at least 220,000 yen [16]. This often exceeds the equipment rental fees. Therefore, the business’s pricing and profitability are directly tied to its ability to secure and manage skilled personnel, making human resource management a central strategic consideration.

Furthermore, expenses like daily allowances and travel fees are not hidden costs but predictable items associated with a professional service. The fact that interpreters explicitly request compensation for these items [12, 13, 19] highlights the need for a business plan to transparently present these costs as standard line items in quotes. This builds trust with clients and demonstrates that the service is well-versed in market practices, serving as a clear differentiator from cheaper, less professional providers.

Table 2: Daily Rate Comparison for Interpreters and Technicians (in JPY)

4. Simultaneous Interpretation Equipment: A Technical and Financial Breakdown

4.1 Key Equipment Components

A professional interpretation service requires a suite of specialized equipment. This includes a soundproof booth to isolate the interpreter’s voice, a console for the interpreter to control audio input/output, an infrared (IR) or radio frequency (RF) transmitter to send interpreted audio to the audience, and receivers and headsets for the audience [16, 18, 20]. Other complementary equipment includes an audio distribution system (ADS) [21], video monitors for interpreters to see the speaker and presentation [21], and microphones for the presenter [22].

Technically, one must choose between a wired system (reliable but less portable), a wireless RF system (good for long distances but prone to interference), or an IR system (secure and less susceptible to interference but with a limited range) [20]. For example, the Bosch Integrus system uses infrared technology and is considered a global industry standard [20, 23].

4.2 Rent vs. Purchase Cost Comparison

For a new business, the choice between purchasing and renting equipment is a significant strategic one. Renting is an effective option for minimizing initial capital expenditure [24]. A standard ISO-compliant booth can be rented for approximately 30,000 to 60,000 yen per day [16, 17]. Receivers are a major variable cost, priced at 1,000 to 1,500 yen per unit per day [16, 17]. For example, an event with 100 participants would incur a cost of 100,000 to 150,000 yen just for receivers [16]. A rough estimate for a full equipment rental package for a 100-person event, excluding interpreters, is 200,000 to 400,000 yen per day [16].

Conversely, purchasing equipment requires a substantial initial investment but offers long-term cost savings and better quality control. A global standard Bosch Integrus system can start at over $11,000 [23]. A lightweight two-person interpretation booth can be purchased for around $1,983 [23], while robust ISO-compliant booths from manufacturers like JPemBall are in the range of $1,288 to $2,888 per unit [25].

4.3 Logistics and Technical Support

The transportation, setup, and teardown of equipment at the venue are often overlooked but crucial costs, adding 50,000 to 100,000 yen or more to the total expense [16]. This fee includes shipping, installation, and labor for dismantling [16, 17]. The scale of this cost directly impacts the business’s profitability.

4.4 Deeper Insights and Causal Relationships

This business is not just a talent brokerage; it’s a logistics and asset management business at its core. Equipment, transportation, and technician costs are significant variables for each event [16, 17]. This means success depends not only on having excellent interpreters but also on the ability to deploy physical assets efficiently, reliably, and cost-effectively. A new business needs to establish strong logistics protocols to manage these variables and avoid costly delays or malfunctions. This emphasizes that the “transportation” and “technician” services a provider is asked to supply are not just ancillary but a core part of the offering.

The choice between purchasing and renting equipment is a strategic decision that directly defines the business model and service tiers. The Basic plan can minimize initial investment by renting equipment on a need-be basis. The Standard plan can strike a balance by purchasing high-demand equipment like consoles and small tabletop booths while renting larger booths. The High-End plan, on the other hand, should purchase a full suite of cutting-edge equipment, such as the Bosch Integrus system, to guarantee the highest quality and justify its premium pricing.

Table 3: Estimated Equipment Rental Package Costs (in JPY)

5. Interpretation Booths: Acoustics, Ergonomics, and Comfort

5.1 International Standards and Specifications

A professional interpretation booth is not just a box; it must meet international standards like ISO 4043 (for mobile booths) or ISO 2603 (for permanent installations) [27, 28]. These standards were developed in collaboration with interpreter associations to ensure a safe and effective working environment [28].

• Acoustic Properties: Booths must be completely soundproof to prevent outside noise from reaching the interpreter’s ears and to keep the interpreter’s voice from disturbing the audience [16, 21]. A minimum noise reduction level of 25 dB is a key requirement [21], which prevents interpreters with even the the most passionate and loudest voices from leaking out. The reverberation time inside the booth must also be less than 0.5 seconds to ensure clear sound quality [21].
• Ergonomics and Comfort: Proper ventilation is critical for interpreter performance [29]. The booth should be equipped with a silent ventilation system that provides a continuous supply of fresh air without generating noise [21]. The recommended air exchange rate is 7 to 8 times per hour [21]. To reduce interpreter fatigue, the booth should also have an ergonomic chair, an adjustable desk, and ample space for a laptop and documents [30, 31]. The placement of the booth and the design of its windows are also important for allowing interpreters to see the speaker and presentation clearly [29, 32].

5.2 Comparison of Booth Types

• Permanent/Built-in Booths: Found in major convention centers, these offer the highest level of soundproofing, ergonomics, and air conditioning [32, 33]. They are not portable [34].
• Mobile/ISO-Compliant Booths: Manufactured by companies like Audipack [35] and JPemBall [36], these strike a balance between portability and quality. While they meet ISO standards [36], their acoustic performance may be slightly inferior to permanent booths [33].
• Tabletop Booths: The most affordable option, they are lightweight and easy to set up. However, their soundproofing and comfort are limited, making them only suitable for less critical, small-scale events [34].

5.3 Deeper Insights and Causal Relationships

Interpreter comfort is a direct determinant of service quality and a key differentiator for premium services. For example, the concern about fresh air and oxygen imposed by interpreters is validated by research linking interpreter fatigue and performance decline to poor ventilation [31]. This establishes a clear causal relationship: investing in high-quality, ISO-compliant booths with silent ventilation systems leads to a more comfortable and focused interpreting environment, which in turn sustains peak performance and delivers a higher-quality service to the client. This is a crucial justification for high-end service pricing.

The choice of booth also signals the business’s commitment to quality and its target market. A business offering a basic service might use a tabletop booth for small meetings, but its limited soundproofing [34] makes it unsuitable for professional conferences. In contrast, a high-end business must use full-sized ISO-compliant booths to meet the expectations of critical clients and establish a professional brand. The booth is not just a piece of equipment; it is a physical embodiment of the company’s commitment to quality and professionalism.

Table 4: ISO-Compliant Booth Specifications and Type Comparison

6. The Rise of AI and Future Technology Integration

6.1 The Role of AI in Modern Interpretation

AI is not a complete replacement for human interpreters, especially for critical events that demand high accuracy and nuance [2, 37]. Instead, AI is creating new markets and augmenting human capabilities.

• AI-only Platforms: Services like Wordly provide real-time AI translation in both audio and subtitles [38]. Their main advantages are extreme scalability, cost-effectiveness (“50% more savings”) [38], and minimal logistics due to a lack of special equipment [38].
• Hybrid (Human + AI) Platforms: Platforms like Interprefy and KUDO combine the expertise of human interpreters with AI-powered features [39, 40], an approach known as “Human-in-the-Loop” [4]. While AI handles the bulk of the translation, a human interpreter fine-tunes for nuance, cultural context, and accuracy, adding value in critical situations [2, 4].

6.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of AI Integration

• Advantages: Integrating AI leads to cost reduction, scalability for large audiences [41], and on-demand availability for last-minute requests [41]. AI platforms can also provide additional services like live subtitles and transcripts that human interpreters typically cannot [38].
• Disadvantages: AI struggles with nuance, sarcasm, humor, and complex specialized terminology [37]. In fields where precision is paramount, such as medicine or law, human judgment is irreplaceable [2]. There is a high risk of relaying the wrong message, which can damage a professional reputation [37].

6.3 Deeper Insights and Causal Relationships

AI technology is not a competitive threat to this business but rather a new, essential service line. AI has been shown to be most suitable for “large-scale or routine situations” where perfect accuracy is not critical [2, 37]. This niche perfectly defines the “Basic” service tier of this business. Conversely, the “Standard” and “High-End” tiers, which demand precision and nuance, will continue to rely on human interpreters augmented by technology. Thus, AI doesn’t replace the core service but opens up new revenue opportunities to serve a broader range of clients and use cases.

The business’s value proposition must shift from simply providing labor to becoming a technology-enabled solution provider. The rise of remote and AI-assisted services allows for operations with “lower overhead” and “no travel expenses” for certain tasks [24]. A smart entrepreneur must invest not just in physical equipment and personnel but also in the platforms and software that enable this new agile business model. This strategic shift is essential for staying competitive in a rapidly evolving market.

7. Full Package Plan Analysis: Basic, Standard, and High-End Models

7.1 Basic Full Package Plan

• Service: Designed for short internal meetings or online webinars where cost and scalability are the top priorities. It’s based on AI-powered translation with the option of a remote human interpreter as needed.
• Equipment: Equipment is specific to a remote environment, utilizing platforms like Wordly or Interprefy. Investment in physical hardware is minimized. If an on-site presence is required, tabletop booths and “tour guide” systems are rented for small groups [17, 34].
• Personnel: Class B interpreters are arranged on an hourly or short-time basis for remote services [42]. On-site technicians are not required.
• Estimated Cost: ¥150,000 – ¥250,000 per event.

7.2 Standard Full Package Plan

• Service: The most common service offering, ideal for mid-sized corporate events, seminars, and training sessions.
• Equipment: A full package is rented, including a mobile ISO-compliant booth [34], interpreter consoles, a central transmitter, and receivers for all attendees.
• Personnel: A team of two Class A interpreters provides full-day coverage [15]. One on-site technician is essential to manage the setup, operation, and teardown [16].
• Estimated Cost: ¥400,000 – ¥660,000 per day [16].

7.3 High-End/Cutting-Edge Full Package Plan

• Service: A premium offering for critical international conferences, government meetings, and complex technical or medical forums.
• Equipment: The highest-level systems are deployed, such as the Bosch Integrus system with full relay capabilities [20, 23]. Spacious, ergonomic, ISO-compliant booths with silent ventilation systems are used [21]. The service is seamlessly integrated with video and audio-amplification systems through partnerships with AV companies [43, 44].
• Personnel: A team of two to four highly specialized Class S interpreters is assembled [12, 15]. A senior AV engineer is assigned to manage the complex technical setup [16].
• Estimated Cost: ¥600,000 – ¥1,000,000+ per day.

7.4 Deeper Insights and Causal Relationships

The strategic choice of a business model is a direct trade-off between initial investment and long-term profitability and market positioning. The Basic model allows for a low-capital startup but comes with low-profit margins and the risk of commoditization against AI-only solutions. The High-End model requires significant capital investment [1] but allows for premium pricing and the establishment of a reputation for unparalleled quality. The Standard model provides a balanced approach to capture a broad market segment. The business must make a clear choice about which tier to prioritize to maximize its return on investment.

Table 5: Comprehensive Capital Estimation for a 1-Day Event by Service Tier (in JPY)

8. Strategic Recommendations and Conclusion

8.1 Key Strategic Recommendations

• Embrace a Hybrid Model: The future of the industry is not purely physical or digital, but a fusion of both [2]. The most successful new businesses will offer a diverse range of services, from AI-powered remote interpretation to high-priced on-site packages.
• Build a Network, Not an Inventory: Instead of making a large upfront investment in equipment, a smart strategy is to start by partnering with local AV and equipment rental companies [44]. This allows the business to scale its services without bearing high capital costs and maintenance fees [24].
• Prioritize Human and Technical Literacy: The irreplaceable value of the business remains its human interpreters [2]. Focus on building a roster of highly skilled interpreters while also helping them upskill in using remote interpretation platforms and AI tools.
• Target a Niche Market: To differentiate from larger companies, it is effective to start by specializing in a specific field (e.g., patent law interpretation) or language pair and building an excellent reputation in that niche [12, 15].

8.2 Conclusion

The Japanese simultaneous interpretation market offers significant growth opportunities for new entrants. Success will depend on a clear strategic vision, a deep understanding of tiered service models, a commitment to professional quality, and a willingness to actively embrace new technologies. By prioritizing both human excellence and technological integration, a new business can carve out a profitable and sustainable position in this dynamic industry.

Notes

1. The Human Factor: Beyond the Resume 🧠

While our report provides a structured breakdown of interpreter tiers, it’s essential to remember that an interpreter’s value extends beyond their listed class (A, B, C, etc.). The best interpreters possess not just linguistic proficiency, but also a mastery of soft skills that can make or break a high-stakes meeting. This includes cultural awareness, empathy, a sense of humor, and the ability to read the room and adapt their tone. For a new business, building a network of interpreters with a reputation for these qualities is just as important as hiring someone with the right certifications. This is a key differentiator that AI cannot replicate.

2. The “Freelance” vs. “Full-time” Conundrum ⚖️

For a startup, the strategic decision to rely on freelance interpreters is crucial. The main benefit is the ability to maintain a lean operation with zero fixed payroll costs. This flexibility allows you to scale up or down based on project demand without the long-term financial commitments of a full-time employee, such as social security, health insurance, and paid leave. However, managing a network of freelancers requires a robust system for scheduling, communication, and quality control. This is a logistical challenge that must be addressed from the outset.

3. The ‘Total Coordination’ System: A Business-in-a-Box 🎁

The term “total coordination system” used by major Japanese players like Simul International is more than just a marketing phrase. It represents an integrated business model where the company acts as a single point of contact for all aspects of a conference or meeting. This includes not only providing interpreters and equipment, but also handling logistical support, on-site management, and even acting as a secretariat. For a new business, this model is the ultimate goal. While you may start by specializing in just interpretation, a long-term vision should be to build partnerships with AV companies, event planners, and other professionals to offer a truly seamless, all-in-one solution. This is where the highest profit margins and customer loyalty are found.

4. The 5 Million Yen ‘Rule’: A Strategic Necessity, Not Just a Requirement 💰

The ¥5 million capital rule for a Business Manager Visa isn’t just a bureaucratic hurdle; it’s a realistic reflection of the minimum capital needed to sustain a business in Japan during its initial phase. As our report highlights, this amount is aligned with the median startup cost in the country. It’s a strategic investment that covers the essential operating expenses—rent, utilities, and a buffer for unexpected costs—before the business becomes profitable. Thinking of it as a financial runway rather than a mere deposit can help frame the startup journey more accurately and prepare you for the financial realities of launching in a new market.

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35. AbroadLink. “Ergonomics for Translators and Interpreters.” AbroadLink, https://abroadlink.com/blog/ergonomics-for-translators-and-interpreters.
36. Conference Interpretation. “Top Features of Modern Interpreting Booths.” Conference Interpretation Asia, https://conference-interpretation.asia/top-features-of-modern-interpreting-booths/.
37. Novelty International. “Simultaneous Translation Booths.” Novelty International, https://novelty-international.com/news/simultaneous-translation-booths.
38. Accio. “Portable Translation Booth.” Accio, https://www.accio.com/plp/portable-translation-booth.
39. Simul International. “Interpreting rates.” SIMUL International, Inc., https://www.simul.co.jp/eng/interpreting/fees/.
40. Convention Japan. “Our Interpreting Fees.” Convention Japan, https://www.convention.co.jp/en/activities/interpretation/fees/.
41. Hoso. “Service-English.” Hoso, https://www.hoso.co.jp/service-english.
42. BTG International. “Interpreting Equipment Rental.” BTG International, https://btgi.world/interpreting-equipment-rental/.
43. Lexicon Global. “Bosch Integrus Interpretation System.” Lexicon Global, https://lexicon-global.com/Translation-Equipment/products/boschIntegrus.html.
44. Lexicon Global. “Translation Equipment.” Lexicon Global, https://www.lexicon-global.com/Translation-Equipment/index.html.
45. NOVA. “Interpretation equipment price list.” NOVA, https://www.nova.co.jp/biz/tsuhon/en/equipment/price.html.
46. Translation Equipment. “Sennheiser.” Translation Equipment, https://www.translation.equipment/brands/Sennheiser.html.
47. Gonsin. “4-8-12-16 Channels Translator Device with Wireless Microphones Conference Interpretation Facilities for Interpretation Cabin.” Made-in-China, https://gonsin.en.made-in-china.com/product/gOUtaWibnvVK/China-4-8-12-16-Channels-Translator-Device-with-Wireless-Microphones-Conference-Interpretation-Facilities-for-Interpretation-Cabin.html.
48. Gonsin. “Simultaneous Interpretation System.” Gonsin, https://www.gonsin.com/products/simultaneous-interpretation-system/.
49. Audipack. “XL Silent 9650 Interpreter booth, ISO 4043 including ventilation and LED lighting.” Audipack, https://www.audipack.com/product/xl-silent-9650-interpreter-booth-iso-4043-including-ventilation-and-led-lighting/.
50. JPemball. “Booth P2100.” JPemball, https://www.jpemball.fr/en/cabins/booth-p2100/.
51. Globibo. “Portable vs. Permanent Interpretation Booths: Pros and Cons.” Globibo, https://globibo.blog/portable-vs-permanent-interpretation-booths-pros-and-cons/.
52. Languages Unlimited. “Interpretation Booths: A Comparison.” Languages Unlimited, https://www.languagesunlimited.com/interpretation-booths-a-comparison/.
53. Tensho Office. “Starting a business in Japan: How much startup capital do I need?” Tensho Office, https://www.tensho-office.com/en/column/c030/.
54. Sincerus CPA. “How much capital do I need to prepare to start a business in Japan?” Sincerus CPA, https://www.sincerus-cpa.com/en/post/how-much-capital-do-i-need-to-prepare-to-start-a-business-in-japan.
55. Kotsi CPA Firm. “What are the costs associated with starting a business in Japan?” Kotsi CPA Firm, https://kotsicpafirm.com/faq/what-are-the-costs-associated-with-starting-a-business-in-japan/.
56. SAMURAI-LAW. “The cost of incorporating a Company Limited company is 50,000 yen + 1,940 yen for the certified copy of the articles of incorporation (2 copies) when having the Articles of Incorporation notarized at a notary public office, and an additional 150,000 yen as a registration license tax at the Legal Affairs Bureau when In addition, revenue stamps of 40,000 yen will be charged if the articles of incorporation are prepared on paper. However, suppose you choose to use Samurai Immigration Law Firm’s service – In that case, you will be charged a separate company incorporation support fee, but the 40,000 yen will be exempted because the articles of incorporation will be prepared electronically.” SAMURAI-LAW, https://samurai-law.com/en/col03_06.html.
57. JETRO. “Setting Up Business.” JETRO, https://www.jetro.go.jp/en/invest/setting_up/.
58. JURIDIQUE. “Incorporation procedure in Japan.” JURIDIQUE, https://www.juridique.jp/business/incorporation_procedure.php.
59. Global Gateway. “Starting a Business and Obtaining Licenses in Japan.” Global Gateway, https://www.global-gw.com/to-japan/starting-a-business-and-obtaining-licenses-in-japan.
60. SmartStart Japan. “Business Licensing in Japan.” SmartStart Japan, https://smartstartjapan.com/business-licensing-in-japan/.
61. Jabra. “Video Conferencing Cameras.” Jabra, https://www.jabra.com/business/video-conferencing/video-conferencing-cameras.
62. Audio Visual Communications. “AV Systems Services.” Audio Visual Communications Ltd., https://www.avc.co.jp/en/vss/.
63. AV Alliance. “Takenaka.” AV Alliance, https://avalliance.com/av-companies/takenaka/.
64. Audio Visual Communications. “Home.” Audio Visual Communications Ltd., https://www.avc.co.jp/en/.
65. Congress Japan. “Interpretation Equipment.” Congress Japan, https://www.congressjapan.jp/interpretation-equipment.
66. Elite Asia. “Simultaneous Interpreting Equipment Purchase & Rental.” Elite Asia, https://www.eliteasia.co/multilingual-interpreting-for-business-meetings-conferences/simultaneous-interpreting-equipment/.
67. JPL Telecom. “Video Conferencing.” JPL Telecom, https://www.jpltele.com/products/video-conferencing/.
68. Shure. “Conferencing.” Shure, https://www.shure.com/en-US/conferencing.
69. Teletech. “Guide – interpretation equipment.” Teletech, https://teletech.dk/en/guide-interpretation-equipment/.
70. JR Language. “Conference Interpreting 101: Complete Guide.” JR Language, https://jrlanguage.com/blog/conference-interpreting-101-complete-guide/.
71. Boostlingo. “What is Conference Interpreting?” Boostlingo, https://boostlingo.com/blog/what-is-conference-interpreting/.
72. ABBN. “Simultaneous Translation Equipment.” ABBN, https://www.abbn.com/simultaneous-translation-equipment/.
73. Sonic Electronics. “Audipack.” Sonic Electronics, https://sa.sonicelec.com/audipack/.
74. AVM. “Audipack.” AVM Ltd., https://www.avmltd.co.uk/audipack.
75. Congress Japan. “Interpretation Equipment.” Congress Japan, https://www.congressjapan.jp/interpretation-equipment.
76. JPemball. “Home.” JPemball, https://www.jpemball.fr/en/.
77. Barinas. “Simultaneous interpreter booths for sale and rent.” Barinas, http://www.barinas.com/simultaneous_interpreter_booths.htm.
78. BUK Solutions. “ISO Interpreter Booths.” BUK Solutions, https://buk.solutions/sales-more-services/iso-interpreter-booths-2/.
79. Paylab. “Translating, interpreting.” Paylab, https://www.paylab.com/jp/salaryinfo/translating-interpreting.
80. SalaryExpert. “Interpreter & translator salary in Tokyo, Japan.” SalaryExpert, https://www.salaryexpert.com/salary/job/interpreter-and-translator/japan/tokyo.
81. ERI. “Audiovisual technician salary in Japan.” ERI Economic Research Institute, https://www.erieri.com/salary/job/audiovisual-technician/japan.
82. Tokyo Big Sight. “Conference Support Center Price List.” Tokyo Big Sight, https://www.bigsight.jp/organizer/download/pdf/C_price_list.pdf.
83. Simul International. “Interpreting rates.” SIMUL International, Inc., https://www.simul.co.jp/eng/interpreting/fees/.
84. Convention Japan. “Our Interpreting Fees.” Convention Japan, https://www.convention.co.jp/en/activities/interpretation/fees/.